The earth landscape is always changing due to human activities and natural phenomena. Therefore, in order to optimize the management of the natural areas, knowledge of the trend and extent of land cover / land use changes is considered necessary, and the estimation of these changes is of great importance. Reviewing these changes through satellite images and predicting and evaluating their potential through modeling can help environmental planne(RS) and natural resource manage(RS) to make more informed decisions. In the present study, quantitative detection and evaluation of changes in vegetation was performed in the areas with combat desertification projects, Shahdad and Bam in Kerman province and Garmsar in Semnan province, during a 30-year period within 1987, 2002 and 2017. The NDVI vegetation index and land use maps were produced using the ETM + TM and OLI satellite images in the three corresponding periods for the vegetation lands/non-vegetation lands, and agricultural lands. The Kappa coefficient of 0. 83 to 0. 86, 0. 91 to 0. 92, and 0. 94 to 0. 95 was calculated for 1987, 2002, and 2017, respectively, and the total accuracy was between 88 % and 97 %. After providing the land use maps in different yea(RS), the monitoring of land use changes was investigated using the change detection methods. According to the trend of changes during the studied periods, our results showed that the vegetation lands in these three areas had an increasing trend, and the non-vegetation lands were turned to vegetation lands over time. Moreover, an increasing trend was found for the agricultural lands during these three periods. Finally, the cost-effectiveness of projects implemented in the studied areas was calculated and evaluated.

Most aquife(RS) of semi-arid regions in Iran suffer from over-exploitation of groundwater for irrigation purposes. It is therefore important to augment the groundwater resource by artificial recharge, using floodwate(RS). Generally, the recharge schemes consist of diverting part of the flood discharges of ephemeral rive(RS) in small to medium-size catchments into infiltration basins. Apart from recharging groundwater, and supporting food production and drinking water supplies, the schemes have other benefits, such as the mitigation of flood damage. The complexity of flood water spreading schemes using flash floods of ephemeral rive(RS) in semi-arid regions became evident during the task of selecting, defining and structuring criteria for the selection of suitable areas and sites for a scheme. Complexity is due to a large number of facto(RS) that play a role in the selection of the most suitable sites for deciding on investment in a scheme These facto(RS) pertain to earth science (geology, geomorphology, soils), to hydrology (runoff and sediment yield, infiltration and groundwater conditions) and to socio-economic aspects (irrigated agriculture, flood damage mitigation, environment and so on). This paper deals with developing a DSS to assist decisions as to where suitable catchments and associated infiltration areas are located. The DSS developed relies on the combined use of Remotely sensed information and GIS techniques. For implementation of the related phase of the DSS, a region (Bandar Abbas) was selected as the case study for suitable zone(s) selection. The DSS shows the great ability for selection of potential zones for floodwater spreading. It can be concluded that the interpretation results could be regarded as being more than the sum of separate 'interpretation' laye(RS): i.e. geology, geomorphology and land use. The interpreter has to have a firm footing in earth science.

Natural hazards are unfortunate accidents that cause a lot of irreparable damage to the natural environment and man-made phenomena every year. Floods are among the hazards that have always been likely to occur as a natural hazard to humans. In the meantime, identifying flood-prone areas is one of the fi(RS)t measures to deal with them. Darab city was not isolated from this matter and this study was conducted to prepare a flood potential map of the city. Because many criteria are involved in flooding in any region. Therefore in this study 12 criteria including Slope, Aspect, Rainfall, Runoff Height, Curve Number status (CN), Flow Accumulation, Soil Hydrological Groups status, Land Use, Vegetation Density, Drainage Network Density, Basin Elevation, and Distance to Drainage Network, selected and maps were prepared for each. In the next step, the prepared maps were weighted using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and using Expert Choice software and their fuzzy process was performed by the fuzzy logic model. Finally, the overlap of the laye(RS) was performed using a fuzzy algebraic summation operator (SUM) in Arcmap software and thus maps related to flood risk zoning of Darab city with different return periods and on 5 floo(RS) were extracted. In maps obtained with different return periods, the pattern is almost identical and similar. According to the final plans, the risk of floods with return periods of 25, 15, 5, and 50 yea(RS), respectively 9. 91, 9. 39, 8. 4, and 9. 93% of the area of the city with flood risk Very low fertility and 9. 24, 10. 64, 11. 90 and 8. 65% of its area has a very high risk of flooding.

The ability of Remote Sensing ((RS)) in irrigation scheduling has been accepted in the world due to the collection of data on a large scale and the determination of water stress indicato(RS) with greater speed and less cost. Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) and Water Deficit Index (WDI) are components of the most recognized water stress indices. Despite the accuracy and precision of the CWSI index that has been proven in plant irrigation scheduling, the lack of complete density of vegetation, especially in the early stages of growth, is one of the most important defects of using this method in crop irrigation scheduling. While estimating the water deficit index using Remote Sensing technology does not have these limitations. An experiment was performed in the crop year 98-99 in the city of Karaj to check the accuracy of this index. The amount of WDI and CWSI in a wheat field with optimized irrigation management was determined and compared and evaluated using statistical paramete(RS). The results showed that the coefficient of explanation between these two indicato(RS) in the months of April, May, and June is 0.77, 0.85, and 0.71, respectively.

Iran is among 10 top potential countries of occurrence of natural hazards in the world and from among 35 natural hazards, so far about 30 hazards have occurred in Iran (Negaresh and Latifi, 2009). One of the different types of natural hazards which every year causes a lot of damage particularly in arid and arid regions of the world is the existence of sandy hills (Omidwar, 2006); sandy hills are mostly created in coastal regions of most seas and oceans. These hills are the result of mutual effects of waves, marine currents, wind and sediments available in coastal regions. They are implemented with components of the coastal environment and construct the eco-systemic bases in which there are valuable collection flora and fauna (Kidd, 2001). The studied region is among the deserts near Gulf of Oman coasts. Sand on the coast are with marine origins and by getting far from the sea, sandy hills, in addition to having marine origins, have land origins. ...

Main goal in this article is presenting a new method to separate the vary lithologies from granite and granodioritic rocks, applying Remote Sensing ((RS)) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), with the least error within a local geological area of Shirkooh-e-Yazd. All the analyses are based on the Landsat satellite image of the studied area. To do so, the chosen formatted images is converted into the (RS) and GIS formats. Applying the local image bands composition, a seven band color image has been presented. Fusing the color imaged into the pan bands ones, a new image has been produced with the segregating distance ability of 15 mete(RS). The image geometry has been corrected by the local point's measurements of GPS in a very accurate position. Different band created colored image was able to separate the lithology within the studied area precisely. The separated lithology of granite and granodiorite were also tested by both supervised and unsupervised classification method. The unsupervised classification was applied in 6, 8, 10 different bands to find the best separation resolution. Also supervised classification has been applied by choosing some areas as controlled locations, where also have been located by GPS. Comparing the different results merged from different methods, e.g. classification and interpretation ones, illustrate the possible important erro(RS) in the extracted results. In the last step, a very precise map based on the igneous lithology has been presented.

Coast is a unique environment in which atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere contact each other. Coastline is one of the most important linear features on the earth’s surface, which display a dynamic nature. Coastal zone, and its environmental management requires the information about coastlines and their changes. This paper examines the current methods of coastline change detection using satellite images. Based on the advantages and drawbacks of the methods, a new procedure has been developed. The proposed procedure is based on a combination of histogram thresholding and band ratio techniques. The study area of the project is Urmia Lake; the 20th. largest, and the second hyper saline lake in the world. In order to assess the accuracy of the results, they have been compared with ground truth observations. The accuracy of the extracted coastline has been estimated as 1.3 pixels (pixel size=30 m). Based on this investigation, the area of the lake has been decreased approximately 1040 square kilomete(RS) from August 1998 to August 2001. This result has been verified through TOPEX/Posidon satellite information that indicates a height variation of three mete(RS).